摘要

精神疾病作为复杂的大脑疾病，其病理机制研究进展缓慢。大脑类器官技术因其模拟大脑发育过程、构建患者特异性病理模型等独特优势有望加速精神疾病机制研究。本文综述大脑类器官研究的

方法学进展，总结其在孤独谱系障碍、精神分裂症、抑郁症和双相情感障碍中的研究概况，尤其是在神经发育异常、突触功能障碍、代谢紊乱、线粒体损伤及神经炎症等疾病机制方面的发现。最后分析了该技术目前的不足，并展望未来重点发展方向。

关键词：大脑类器官；精神疾病；人多能干细胞；神经发育；疾病建模

ABSTRACT

Psychiatric disorders are complex brain diseases, and progress in elucidating their pathological mechanisms has been slow. Brain organoid technology, with its unique advantages in recapitulating human brain development and generating patient-specific disease models, holds great promise for accelerating mechanistic research in psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes recent methodological advances in brain organoid studies and provides an overview of their applications in autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. We particularly highlight findings related to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, synaptic dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, mitochondrial impairment, and neuroinflammation. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of this technology and outline key directions for future development.

Key words: Cerebral organoids; Mental disorders; Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs); Neurodevelopment; Disease modeling